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EFIinfo.doc
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This is a general statement about the gmecms, and is subject to =
modification by application.
Grumpy
Each application has a unique memcal. Each memcal has a four letter (and =
4 digit) broadcast code which is also unique for the application (most =
often, there are exceptions).=20
Air Fuel Ratio
The air-fuel ratio is maintained at 14.7:1 during closed-loop operation. =
This ratio is too rich for maximum economy and too lean for maximum =
power. During warm-up and power enrichment, a rich air-fuel ratio is =
used [less than 14.7:1]. During lean cruise operation, a lean air-fuel =
ratio is used=20
Barometric Pressure
Barometric pressure is sometimes calculated from the manifold sensor =
voltage. It is corrected for the pressure drop through the throttle body =
at low engine speed and throttle openings to give barometric pressure. =
Manifold pressure is scaled to reflect variations in barometric =
pressure. Some applications read the MAP between the key on to crank =
posistion.
Battery Voltage
Battery voltage is monitored by the ECM. Variations in battery voltage =
can cause fluctuations in fuel delivery ei. injector opening delay and =
fuel pressure. The ECM compensates injector delivery parameters for =
voltage fluctuations. It also disables certain outputs if battery =
voltage falls outside operating limits.=20
Coolant Temperature
Coolant temperature is calculated from the coolant sensor voltage. The =
sensor is a negative temperature coefficient thermistor (resistance =
decreases as temperature increases), and two pull up resistors are used =
to increase the resolution of the sensor over the operating range -40 to =
152 deg C. Coolant temperature is used extensively in ECM calculations =
and lookups.
Engine Crank
The engine crank time counter is incremented each 100 msec from the time =
the first ref pulse is received until the time at which the engine is =
determined to be running.
Engine Speed
The ECM determines engine speed from calculated from the elapsed time =
between distributor reference pulses and the number of engine cylinders, =
which is contained on the memcal for each application.
IAC Motor Position
The IAC motor is a stepper motor, one end of which is fitted with a =
pintle. The pintle is stepped into and away from an orifice, which =
bypasses air around the throttle blade. The Idle Air Control motor =
position is measured in steps, where 0 steps is fully extended and =
corresponds to no bypass, and 255 steps is fully retracted and =
corresponds to full bypass. When the engine is idling, the IAC motor =
position will vary to maintain a desired idle speed. In closed loop idle =
the IAC motor position is varied based on difference between actual rpm =
and desired rpm to maintain the desired idle speed.
Idle Delta RPM
The absolute difference between the current idle speed and previous idle =
speed is calculated and averaged over the last 20 readings. The result =
is an averaged indication of the variation in idle rpm, which gives an =
indication of idle quality.
Idle Speed
Idle speed is obtained from engine speed. It is filtered or damped to =
remove cycle to cycle fluctuations, which occur at low engine speeds.
Injector Time
The injector time is the time in milliseconds which the injector is =
turned on. This time is proportional to the amount of fuel injected. The =
injector time is modified to take account of battery voltage (the =
injector takes longer to open with reduced voltage, also fuel pump =
pressure is less) and injector turn-on time.
Injector Voltage
The injector voltage is monitored by the PCM. This allows for more =
accurate pulse width compensation for voltage fluctuations at the =
injector than battery voltage alone.=20
Manifold Absolute Pressure
Manifold Absolute Pressure is determined directly from the MAP sensor =
voltage. It is scaled over the limits of 10 - 104 . MAP is proportional =
to engine load. It is used extensively as an estimate of engine load and =
as an independent variable for table lookups. It is also used together =
with rpm and volumetric efficiency to calculate the air consumption of =
the engine.=20
Long Term Fuel Trim (BL)
An array of block learn cells, or adaptive learn cells, is stored in =
non-volatile memory. Each cell corresponds to an rpm and map range, and =
the array covers the engine operating range. They compensate for =
individual engine operating characteristics which are present over long =
periods of time (they arc also called Block Learn Multiplier cells). =
When the engine is operating in closed loop, the fuel term is calculated =
and then multiplied by the block learn cell corresponding to the rpm and =
map conditions present. The block learn cells are constantly updated in =
closed loop mode. For learning to be enabled the engine must have =
operated in the relevant rpm and map region for a number of seconds. =
Note also that block learn values are interpolated, so that neighbouring =
cells may also influence the block learn value. When the cells are =
cleared by disconnecting the battery it may therefore take some time =
before the cells attain steady values.
The effect of these cells is thus to compensate for rich or lean regions =
caused by manufacturing tolerances, wear or malfunction. Because they =
reflect the engine operating conditions over the operating range, they =
are a useful source of diagnostic data.
The block learn multiplier ranges from 0:255. Values less than 128 =
indicate a negative term , and values greater than 128 indicate a =
positive term. When the engine is operating in open loop a value of 128 =
is used for the block learn cell.
Long Term Fuel Trim Cell
An array of block learn cells, or adaptive learn cells, is stored in =
non-volatile memory. Each cell corresponds to an rpm and map range, and =
the array covers the engine operating range. The cell number indicates =
the cell currently being used as follows:
rpm 1200 1600 2400 3200
3OkPa 0 5 10 15 Idle DRAC OFF 20 =20
4OkPa 1 6 11 16 Idle DRAC ON 21
5OkPa 2 7 12 17 Idle PN AC OFF 22
6OkPa 3 8 13 18 Idle PN ACON 23
70kPa 4 9 14 19 =20
Manifold Air Temperature
Manifold temperature is calculated from the manifold sensor voltage. The =
sensor is a negative temperature coefficient thermistor (resistance =
decreases as temperature increases). Manifold temperature is used =
together with coolant temperature to calculate inlet air temperature.=20
02 Cross Counts
The 02 sensor has a very small linear range, and is used as rich lean =
switch. The number of times the 02 sensor switches from rich to lean and =
vice versa is used as an indication of a properly functioning sensor.
02 Sensor Voltage
The 02 sensor voltage is proportional to the exhaust gas oxygen content. =
The voltage varies from 0 - 1100 mV. A value less than 450 mV indicates =
a lean condition, a value greater than this indicates a rich condition. =
The 02 sensor reacts very quickly, but must be hot to operate properly. =
Some models have a heated 02 sensor, which enable them to reach =
operating temperature sooner. The 02 sensor has a very small linear =
range, hence can only indicate a rich or lean condition - it can't give =
a good indication of magnitude. The 02 sensor is used to provide =
feedback on engine operating conditions when operating in closed loop, =
where the air/fuel ratio is maintained at stoichiometric. This ratio is =
a compromise it is too rich for maximum economy and too lean for maximum =
power. The engine typically operates in closed loop except at high load =
regions.
Reference Voltage
Reference voltage is the voltage supplied to the ECM resistive input =
sensors (clt, mat,tps,map etc). It should be very close to 5.0 volts.=20
Road Speed
Road speed is calculated from the elapsed time between speed sender =
pulses and a calibrated constant which incorporates variables such as =
axle ratio and tire size. It is scaled to give road speed from 0:255 =
mph. This variable is used for example in idle logic to determine if the =
vehicle is moving. A separate road speed variable is calculated for =
automatic transmission vehicles for torque converter clutch and shift =
logic.
Short Term Fuel Trim (Int)
When the engine is operating in closed loop, the air/fuel ratio is =
maintained at stoichiometric and the 02 sensor voltage provides feedback =
on engine operation. The 02 voltage indicates either a rich or a lean =
signal, and the ECM, which integrates or sums this signal, multiplies it =
with the fuel sum. The ECM increments the integrator if the 02 signal =
indicates a lean condition, and decrements the integrator if the 02 =
signal indicates a rich condition. The longer the ECM receives, say, a =
lean signal, the larger the integrator term becomes, and the larger the =
resultant fuel term becomes after it is multiplied. The longer the ECM =
receives a rich signal, the smaller the fuel term becomes after it is =
multiplied. The short term fuel trim is proportional to the sum or =
integral of the error, so it is also called the integrator. The stft =
ranges from 0:255. Values less than 128 indicate a negative term, values =
greater than 128 indicate a positive term. When the engine is operating =
in open loop the integrator is set to 128.
In practice, in closed loop the 02 voltage varies continuously between =
rich and lean - the system oscillates around the stoichiometric point.=20
Spark Advance
The spark advance indicates the crankshaft degrees before Top Dead =
Center at which the ECM outputs a spark signal to the ignition module. =
Primary spark advance is calculated according to engine rpm and load. It =
is modified for coolant temperature, barometric pressure and knock =
amongst other variables.
Spark Retard
Spark retard is subtracted from the spark advance reading. Spark retard =
is calculated according to the amount of engine knock sensed by the ECM =
if a knock sensor is present.=20
TPS Sensor Voltage
Throttle position is calculated from the tps sensor voltage, and scaled =
to 0 - 100% tps. The ECM calculates percentage throttle from the lowest =
and highest tps sensor voltages seen by it, and scales percent tps =
between these values. =20
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ECMand
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{size:8.5in 11.0in;
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</head>
<body lang=3DEN-US style=3D'tab-interval:.5in'>
<div class=3DSection1>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>This is a general statement about the gmecms, and is subject to
modification by application.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>Grumpy<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>Each application has a unique memcal. Each memcal has a four =
letter
(and 4 digit) broadcast code which is also unique for the application =
(most
often, there are exceptions). <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>Air Fuel Ratio<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>The air-fuel ratio is maintained at 14.7:1 during closed-loop
operation. This ratio is too rich for maximum economy and too lean for =
maximum
power. During warm-up and power enrichment, a rich air-fuel ratio is =
used [less
than 14.7:1]. During <b><span style=3D'font-weight:bold'>lean</span></b> =
cruise
operation, a lean air-fuel ratio is used <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>Barometric Pressure<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>Barometric pressure is sometimes calculated from the manifold =
sensor
voltage. It is corrected for the pres=ADsure drop through the throttle =
body at
low engine speed and throttle openings to give barometric pressure. =
Manifold
pressure is scaled to reflect variations in barometric pressure.<span
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Some applications read the MAP =
between
the key on to crank posistion.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>Battery Voltage<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>Battery voltage is monitored by the ECM. Variations in battery =
voltage
can cause fluctuations in fuel delivery ei. injector opening delay and =
fuel
pressure. The ECM compensates injector delivery parameters for voltage
fluctuations. It also disables certain outputs if battery voltage falls =
outside
operating limits. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>Coolant Temperature<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>Coolant temperature is calculated from the coolant sensor =
voltage. The
sensor is a negative temperature coefficient thermistor (resistance =
decreases
as temperature increases), and two pull up resistors are used to =
increase the
resolution of the sensor over the operating range -40 to 152 deg C. =
Coolant
temperature is used extensively in ECM calculations and =
lookups.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>Engine Crank<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>The engine crank time counter is incremented each 100 msec from =
the
time the first ref pulse is received until the time at which the engine =
is
determined to be running.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>Engine Speed<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>The ECM determines engine speed from calculated from the elapsed =
time
between distributor reference pulses and the number of engine cylinders, =
which
is contained on the memcal for each =
application.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>IAC Motor Position<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>The IAC motor is a stepper motor, one end of which is fitted =
with a
pintle. The pintle is stepped into and away from an orifice, which =
bypasses air
around the throttle blade. The Idle Air Control motor position is =
measured in
steps, where 0 steps is fully extended and corresponds to no by=ADpass, =
and 255
steps is fully retracted and corresponds to full bypass. When the engine =
is
idling, the IAC motor position will vary to maintain a desired idle =
speed. In
closed loop idle the IAC motor position is varied based on difference =
between
actual rpm and desired rpm to maintain the desired idle =
speed.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>Idle Delta RPM<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>The absolute difference between the current idle speed and =
previous
idle speed is calculated and averaged over the last 20 readings. The =
result is
an averaged indication of the variation in idle rpm, which gives an =
indication
of idle quality.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>Idle Speed<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>Idle speed is obtained from engine speed. It is filtered or =
damped to
remove cycle to cycle fluc=ADtuations, which occur at low engine =
speeds.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>Injector Time<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>The injector time is the time in milliseconds which the injector =
is
turned on. This time is propor=ADtional to the amount of fuel injected. =
The
injector time is modified to take account of battery voltage (the =
injector
takes longer to open with reduced voltage, also fuel pump pressure is =
less) and
injector turn-on time.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>Injector Voltage<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>The injector voltage is monitored by the PCM. This allows for =
more
accurate pulse width com=ADpensation for voltage fluctuations at the =
injector
than battery voltage alone. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>Manifold Absolute Pressure<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>Manifold Absolute Pressure is determined directly from the MAP =
sensor
voltage. It is scaled over the limits of 10 - 104 . MAP is proportional =
to
engine load. It is used extensively as an esti=ADmate of engine load and =
as an
independent variable for table lookups. It is also used together with =
rpm and
volumetric efficiency to calculate the air consumption of the engine. =
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>Long Term Fuel Trim (BL)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>An array of block learn cells, or adaptive learn cells, is =
stored in
non-volatile memory. Each cell corresponds to an rpm and map range, and =
the
array covers the engine operating range. They compensate for individual =
engine
operating characteristics which are present over long periods of time =
(they arc
also called Block Learn Multiplier cells). When the engine is operating =
in
closed </span></font><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><font =
size=3D1><span
style=3D'font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-weight:bold'>loop=
, </span></font></b><font
size=3D2><span style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'>the =
fuel term
is calculated and then multiplied by the block learn cell corresponding =
to the
rpm and map conditions present. The block learn cells are constantly =
updated in
closed loop mode. For learning to be enabled the engine must have =
operated in
the relevant rpm and map region for a number of seconds. Note also that =
block
learn values are interpolated, so that neigh=ADbouring cells may also =
influence
the block learn value. When the cells are cleared by disconnecting the =
battery
it may therefore take some time before the cells attain steady =
values.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>The effect of these cells is thus to compensate for rich or lean
regions caused by manufacturing tolerances, wear or malfunction. Because =
they
reflect the engine operating conditions over the operating range, they =
are a
useful source of diagnostic data.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>The block learn multiplier ranges from 0:255. Values less than =
128
indicate a negative term , and values greater than 128 indicate a =
positive
term. When the engine is operating in open loop a value of 128 is used =
for the
block learn cell.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>Long Term Fuel Trim Cell<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>An array of block learn cells, or adaptive learn cells, is =
stored in
non-volatile memory. Each cell corresponds to an rpm and map range, and =
the
array covers the engine operating range. The cell number indicates the =
cell
currently being used as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dt3 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;tab-stops:
31.0pt 87.0pt 117.0pt decimal 156.0pt 185.0pt left 231.0pt'><font =
size=3D2
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'>  =
; </span>rpm<span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'>  =
; </span>1200<span
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>1600<span =
style=3D'mso-tab-count:
1'> </span><span style=3D"mso-spacerun: =
yes">
</span>2400<span style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'> </span><span
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> =
</span>3200<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dt3 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;tab-stops:
31.0pt 87.0pt 117.0pt decimal 156.0pt 185.0pt left 231.0pt'><font =
size=3D2
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'>  =
; </span>3OkPa<span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'>  =
; </span>0<span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'>  =
; </span>5<span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'>  =
; </span><span
style=3D"mso-spacerun:
yes"> =
</span>10<span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'> =
</span><span
style=3D"mso-spacerun:
yes">
</span>15<span style=3D"mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span><span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'>  =
; </span>Idle
DRAC OFF<span style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><span
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>20<span =
style=3D"mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dt3 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;tab-stops:
31.0pt 87.0pt 117.0pt decimal 156.0pt 185.0pt left 231.0pt'><font =
size=3D2
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'>  =
; </span>4OkPa<span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'>  =
; </span>1<span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'>  =
; </span>6<span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'>  =
; </span><span
style=3D"mso-spacerun:
yes"> =
</span>11<span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'> =
</span><span
style=3D"mso-spacerun:
yes"> =
</span>16<span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'>  =
; </span>Idle
DRAC ON<span style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> =
</span>21<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dt3 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;tab-stops:
31.0pt 87.0pt 117.0pt decimal 156.0pt 185.0pt left 231.0pt'><font =
size=3D2
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'>  =
; </span>5OkPa<span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'>  =
; </span>2<span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'>  =
; </span>7<span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'>  =
; </span><span
style=3D"mso-spacerun:
yes"> =
</span>12<span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'> =
</span><span
style=3D"mso-spacerun:
yes"> =
</span>17<span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'>  =
; </span>Idle
PN AC OFF<span style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> =
</span>22<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dt3 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;tab-stops:
31.0pt 87.0pt 117.0pt decimal 156.0pt 185.0pt left 231.0pt'><font =
size=3D2
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt'><span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'>  =
; </span>6OkPa<span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'>  =
; </span>3<span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'>  =
; </span>8<span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'>  =
; </span><span
style=3D"mso-spacerun:
yes"> =
</span>13<span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'> =
</span><span
style=3D"mso-spacerun:
yes"> =
</span>18<span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'>  =
; </span>Idle
PN ACON<span style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> =
</span>23<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dt3 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly;tab-stops:
31.0pt 87.0pt 117.0pt decimal 156.0pt 185.0pt left 231.0pt'><font =
size=3D3
face=3D"Times New Roman"><span style=3D'font-size:12.0pt'><span =
style=3D'mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><span style=3D"mso-spacerun:
yes"> =
</span>70kPa<span
style=3D'mso-tab-count:1'>  =
; </span>4<span
style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes">
</span>9<span style=3D"mso-spacerun:
yes"> =
</span>14<span
style=3D"mso-spacerun: =
yes">
</span>19<span style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> =
</span></span></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>Manifold Air Temperature<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>Manifold temperature is calculated from the manifold sensor =
voltage.
The sensor is a negative temperature coefficient thermistor (resistance
decreases as temperature increases). Manifold temperature is used =
together with
coolant temperature to calculate inlet air temperature. =
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>02 Cross Counts<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>The 02 sensor has a very small linear range, and is used as rich =
lean
switch. The number of times the 02 sensor switches from rich to lean and =
vice
versa is used as an indication of a properly functioning =
sensor.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>02 Sensor Voltage<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>The 02 sensor voltage is proportional to the exhaust gas oxygen
content. The voltage varies from 0 - 1100 mV. A value less than 450 mV
indicates a lean condition, a value greater than this indi=ADcates a =
rich
condition. The 02 sensor reacts very quickly, but must be hot to operate
properly. Some models have a heated 02 sensor, which enable them to =
reach
operating temperature sooner. The 02 sensor has a very small linear =
range,
hence can only indicate a rich or lean condi=ADtion - it can't give a =
good
indication of magnitude. The 02 sensor is used to provide feedback on =
engine
operating conditions when operating in closed loop, where the air/fuel =
ratio is
maintained at stoichiometric. This ratio is a compromise it is too rich =
for
maximum economy and too lean for maximum power. The engine typically =
operates
in closed loop except at high load regions.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>Reference Voltage<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>Reference voltage is the voltage supplied to the ECM resistive =
input
sensors (clt, mat,tps,map etc). It should be very close to <i =
style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span style=3D'font-style:italic'>5.0 </span></i>volts. =
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>Road Speed<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>Road speed is calculated from the elapsed time between speed =
sender
pulses and a calibrated constant which incorporates variables such as =
axle
ratio and tire size. It is scaled to give road speed from <i =
style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'><span style=3D'font-style:italic'>0:255 m</span></i>ph. This =
variable is
used for example in idle logic to determine if the vehicle is moving. A
separate road speed variable is calculated for automatic transmission =
vehicles
for torque converter clutch and shift =
logic.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>Short Term Fuel Trim (Int)<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>When the engine is operating in closed loop, the air/fuel ratio =
is
maintained at stoichiometric and the 02 sensor voltage provides feedback =
on
engine operation. The 02 voltage indicates either a rich or a lean =
signal, and
the ECM, which integrates or sums this signal, multiplies it with the =
fuel sum.
The ECM increments the integrator if the 02 signal indicates a lean =
condition,
and decrements the integrator if the 02 signal indicates a rich =
condition. The
longer the ECM re=ADceives, say, a lean signal, the larger the =
integrator term
becomes, and the larger the resultant fuel term becomes after it is =
multiplied.
The longer the ECM receives a rich signal, the smaller the fuel term =
becomes
after it is multiplied. The short term fuel trim is proportional to the =
sum or
integral of the error, so it is also called the integrator. The stft =
ranges
from <i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span =
style=3D'font-style:italic'>0:255.
</span></i>Values less than 128 indicate a negative term, values greater =
than
128 indicate a positive term. When the engine is operating in open loop =
the
integrator is set to 128.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>In practice, in closed loop the 02 voltage varies continuously =
between
rich and lean - the system oscillates around the stoichiometric point. =
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>Spark Advance<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>The spark advance indicates the crankshaft degrees before Top =
Dead
Center at which the ECM outputs a spark signal to the ignition module. =
Primary
spark advance is calculated according to engine rpm and load. It is =
modified
for coolant temperature, barometric pressure and knock amongst other =
variables.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>Spark Retard<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>Spark retard is subtracted from the spark advance reading. Spark =
retard
is calculated according to the amount of engine knock sensed by the ECM =
if a
knock sensor is present. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>TPS Sensor Voltage<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'>Throttle position is calculated from the tps sensor voltage, and =
scaled
to 0 - 100% tps. The ECM calculates percentage throttle from the lowest =
and
highest tps sensor voltages seen by it, and scales percent tps between =
these
values.<span style=3D"mso-spacerun: yes"> =
</span><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=3Dp1 =
style=3D'line-height:14.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><font
size=3D2 face=3D"Times New Roman"><span =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
10.0pt'><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
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